5/30/2023 0 Comments Photoline change text direction![]() However, in environments (e.g., dangerous, crime-ridden neighborhoods) in which future rewards are substantially more uncertain than immediate ones (e.g., rivals might snatch the valued good), a preference for immediate rewards might actually yield higher returns ( Fawcett, McNamara, & Houston, 2012). ![]() Psychologists often describe this preference as shortsightedness, impulsivity, or inability to delay gratification, implying that the preference is dysfunctional ( Daly & Wilson, 2005). For instance, people, especially those from adverse backgrounds, may prefer smaller immediate rewards over larger future rewards (e.g., $10 now over $20 next year Brezina, Tekin, & Topalli, 2009). Progress in psychological science depends on considering both levels of adaptation and on how each informs the other. ![]() Organisms adapt to their environments on at least two timescales: (a) across generations by natural selection and (b) within lifetimes, by adjusting development, acquiring skills and knowledge, and reacting to imminent stimuli. Finally, we discuss clinical implications of switching from conceptualizing stressed minds as “adapted” rather than “impaired.” In addition, we propose that novel studies should examine whether stressed children show not only improved detection but also improved memory and reasoning on tasks involving stimuli that are ecologically relevant to them. Here, we review recent research supporting this hypothesis. ![]() These findings contradict the view that cognition of stressed people is generally impaired they suggest, rather, that these people’s minds are developmentally specialized toward local environmental conditions. However, recent studies indicate that these people may exhibit improved detection, learning, and memory on tasks involving stimuli that are ecologically relevant to them (e.g., dangers), compared with safely nurtured peers. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALSĪ predominant view in psychology is that early psychosocial adversity (e.g., abuse) impairs cognition, because children from stressful backgrounds (e.g., violent households) score lower on standard tests of intelligence, language, memory, inhibition, and other abilities.
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